【英語論文の書き方】第40回　using XX, by XXの表現の違い 論文翻訳・英文校正　研究者専門の翻訳会社　ワールド翻訳サービス

前回第39回は 
(1) 海・川など地理上の固有名詞を2つ以上並べるときについての注意点。
(2) previous, preceding, earlierといった表現の違いを知っていますか？
(3) technology と technologies。複数形にするのはどんなとき？
を取り上げました。

第40回の今回は
(1) Referring to scientific instruments and scientific techniques:
Subtle distinctions in the usage of by and using
”（計器や技術）で～”というときの、byとusingの使い分けとは？

(2) Time versus term
“a short-term project”というけれど、 “a short-time project”とは言いません。
term とtime では使い方がどう違うのか、整理しましょう。

(3) Expressions related to environmental friendliness
よく見かける「環境にやさしい」、「環境に配慮した」というフレーズ。
表現をいくつかお教えします。



 

Back in the Autumn 2013 issue of Quarterly Review (issue No. 14), we examined the differences in usage of by, through, and with. This time, let’s explore the different ways in which we use by and using when referring to scientific instruments and scientific techniques.

When we are referring to a scientific instrument, we can use either by or using (although using is more common). However, there is a small difference related to article usage that has to be kept in mind: 
♢ In the case of using + [instrument name], we need to insert the indefinite article a or an (for example, using an X-ray spectrometer; using a microphotometer). 
♢ In the case of by + [instrument name], we do not use an article (for example, by X-ray spectrometer; by microphotometer).

Let’s compare this with situations when we are referring to a scientific technique. When we are using scientific instruments such as a spectrometer, a microphotometer, an electron microscope, etc., we are engaged in the scientific techniques of spectrometry, microphotometry, electron microscopy, etc. In the case of these scientific techniques, we can use either by or using (although by is more common), and the key point is that we do not use an article in either case. For example: 
♢ observed by spectrometry 
♢ observed using spectrometry

The question then arises: Are there any situations in which it would be better to use by rather than using, or vice versa? Although either by or using can generally be used, as mentioned above, there are cases when one or the other is more appropriate. Please see following sample sentences:

(i) The specimen was analyzed by spectroscopy using an ABC device.
→ Here, to avoid the use of by or using twice in the same sentence, we use by before the technique and using [plus the indefinite article an] before the instrument. This is the most common pattern, and is usually the best choice.

(iia) Images of the scene were captured by camera.
→ In this sentence, the camera could be either automatically operated (e.g., a security camera) or operated by a human operator.
(iib) Images of the scene were captured using a camera.
→ The word using normally implies that there is a human operator (user).

Generally, we use the word term rather than time in compound adjectives (in which a hyphen is inserted) with the words short, medium, or long. Therefore, we would write “a short-term project,” not “a short-time project.” On the other hand, when the expression is not a compound adjective (i.e., when no hyphen is used), we use the word time; for example, “a project with a short time frame.” (Here, short and time do not form a compound adjective; rather, short is an adjective modifying the expression time frame.)

We also use term in expressions beginning with the word over; e.g., “over the medium term” (note that there is no hyphen between medium and term here, again because these words do not form a compound adjective). It is possible to say “The procedure can be completed in a short time,” but it would be unnatural to say “in a short term.” Rather, as shown in the first sentence of this paragraph, the expression most commonly used with term is over + the (e.g., “over the short term”), even when this is the first time that the short term is being mentioned. It would look strange to say “over a short term.”

To summarize this point, we can say: 
♢ a short-term X 
♢ a short time frame 
♢ over the short term 
♢ in a short time

There are a number of expressions that can be used to indicate that a product, service, policy, etc. does not impose a burden on the environment. These can basically be divided into two categories: expressions beginning with the word ecologically or its abbreviation eco, and expressions beginning with the words environment or environmentally. Here are a few examples: 

♢an ecologically friendly X, an eco-friendly X 
♢an environment-friendly X, an environmentally friendly X
→ In the above examples, note that there is no hyphen after the adverbs (ecologically and environmentally).

In recent years, the words aware and conscious have also begun to be used in such expressions; for example: 
♢an environmentally aware X, an environmentally conscious X
→ These days, environmentally conscious seems to be widely used.

Until next time, enjoy the warmer weather and keep up the good work!

Sincerely yours,

Bob Gavey
For World Translation Services, Inc.

第１回　if、in case、when の正しい使い分け：確実性の程度を英語で正しく表現する
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigoronbunwriting-1/index.html
 
第2回 「装置」に対する英語表現
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigoronbun-equipment/index.html
 
第3回　助動詞のニュアンスを正しく理解する：「～することが出来た」「～することが出来なかった」の表現
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigoronbun3/index.html
 
第4回　「～を用いて」の表現：by と with の違い
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigoronbun-writing4/index.html
 
第5回　技術英文で使われる代名詞のitおよび指示代名詞thisとthatの違いとそれらの使用法
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigoronbun-daimeishi/index.html
 
第6回　原因・結果を表す動詞の正しい使い方：その1 原因→結果
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigoronbun6-kekka/index.html
 
第7回　原因・結果を表す動詞の使い方：その2 結果→原因
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigoronbun-kekka/index.html
 
第8回　受動態の多用と誤用に注意
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigoronbun-writing8/index.html
 
第9回　top-heavyな英文を避ける
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigoronbun-topheavy/index.html
 
第10回　名詞の修飾語を前から修飾する場合の表現法
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun10/index.html
 
第11回　受動態による効果的表現
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun11/index.html
 
第12回　同格を表す接続詞thatの使い方
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun12/index.html
 
第13回 「技術」を表す英語表現
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun13/index.html
 
第14回　「特別に」を表す英語表現
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun14/index.html
 
第15回　所有を示すアポストロフィー + s ( ’s) の使い方
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun15/index.html
 
第16回　「つまり」「言い換えれば」を表す表現
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun16/index.html
 
第17回　寸法や重量を表す表現
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun17/index.html
 
第18回　前置詞 of の使い方: Part 1
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun18/index.html
 
第19回　前置詞 of の使い方: Part 2
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun19/index.html
 
第20回　物体や物質を表す英語表現
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun20/index.html
 
第21回　句動詞表現より1語動詞での表現へ
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun21/index.html
 
第22回　不定詞と動名詞: Part 1
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun22/index.html
 
第23回　不定詞と動名詞の使い分け: Part 2
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun23/index.html

第24回　理由を表す表現
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun24/index.html

第25回　総称表現　（a, theの使い方を含む）
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun25/index.html
　
第26回　「研究開発」を表す英語表現
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun26/index.html

第27回　「0～１の数値は単数か複数か？」
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun27/index.html

第28回　「時制－現在形の動詞の使い方」
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun28/index.html

第29回 　then, however, therefore, for example など接続副詞の使い方
​http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun29/index.html

第30回　 まちがえやすいusing, based onの使い方－分詞構文
​http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun30/index.html

第31回　 比率や割合の表現（ratio, rate, proportion, percent, percentage）
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun31/index.html

第32回　英語論文の書き方　総集編
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun32/index.html

第33回　Quality Review Issue No. 23　report, show の時制について
​http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun33/index.html

第34回　Quality Review Issue No. 24　参考文献で日本語論文をどう記載すべきか
​http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun34/index.html

第35回　Quality Review Issue No. 25　略語を書き出すときによくある間違いとは？
​http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun35/index.html

第36回　Quality Review Issue No. 26　％と℃の前にスペースを入れるかどうか
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun36/index.html

第37回　Quality Review Issue No. 27　同じ種類の名詞が続くとき冠詞は付けるべき？！
​http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun37/index.html

第38回　Quality Review Issue No. 22  日本人が特に間違えやすい副詞の使い方
​http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun38/index.html

第39回　Quality Review Issue No. 21  previous, preceding, earlierなどの表現のちがい
http://worldts.com/english-writing/eigo-ronbun39/index.html